VETTAKURUMAR OR THE
URULIKURUMAR OF WAYANAD DISTRICT IS ONE OF THE ARTISAN TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF INDIA.THEIR POPULATION WERE 2500 (2006 KIRTADS SURVEY). THEY PURSUE A WIDE VARIETY OF ARTISAN OCCUPATION SUCH AS POTTERY,BLACKSMITHRY,BASKETRY,CARPENTRY ETC.IN THE TRADITIONAL TRIBAL ECONOMY OF WAYANAD,THEY WERE THE ARTISANS WHO SUPPLIED AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND EARTHEN WARES TO ALL THE OTHER COMMUNITIES OF THE AREA.THEY MAKE POTTERY WITHOUT THE POTTERS WHEEL WHILE STILL POSSESSING THE NEOLITHIC TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERED FROM THEIR FOREFATHERS.THEIR TRADITIONAL HUT IS CALLED
KEERAI.NOWADAYS THEY SUBSIST ON TIMBER LOGGING AND OTHER FOREST LABOUR .ONLY FEW FAMILIES PURSUE BLACKSMITHRY. THEIR WORKSHED IS CALLED
AMMBALANI .IT ALSO FUNCTIONS AS COMMON MEETING PLACES AND DORMITORY FOR THE BACHELORS.
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| CHURAKKANDI/ CHURAKKAKUDUKKA (GOURD SHELL)-TO STORE CUMIN ,TURMERIC AND SEEDS-USED BY MULLUKURUMAN TRIBES OF WAYANAD AND KURUMBAR TRIBES OF PALAKKAD |
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| KOTTAKAL(BASKETS) PASTED WITH COWDUNG-USED BY MUTHUVAN TRIBES OF IDUKKI DISTRICT |
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| ARECANUT SHELLS -USED AS CONTAINERS,PLATES AND HATS |
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| MANKALAM/KUTTIKALAM(HAND MADE POTTERIES)- MADE OF CLAY TO PREPARE FOOD-USED BY VETTAKURUMAN TRIBES OF WAYANAD |
THE KURUMBAR
KURUMBAR LIVES IN ATTAPADI VALLEY OF PALAKKAD DISRICT. AS PER KIRTADS SURVEY 2006, THEIR NUMBER WAS 2079.THEY ARE CATEGORISED AS A PRIMITIVE TRIBAL COMMUNITY.THEY PRACTICE SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN THE VALLEY.EACH KURUMBAR CULTIVATE CEREALS AND LEGUMES FOR YEAR AROUND CONSUMPTION.THERE ARE 18 HAMLETS IN TOTAL.A KURUMBAR HUT IS LINEAR IN SHAPE. EACH KURUMBAR HAMLET HAVE ITS OWN SOCIOPOLITICAL FUNCTIONARIES CALLED
OORUMOOPPAN (HEADMAN),
MANNUKKARAN (SOIL EXPERT AND RELIGIOUS HEAD) ,
KURUTHALAI (MESSENGER) AND
BHANDAN (TREASURER).THE KURUMBAR INTERMARRY WITH NEIGHBORING TRIBAL COMMUNITY CALLED THE
MUDUGAR.THE KURMBAR HAVE STRUCTURAL CLAN ORGANISATION.THEY HAVE 7 SUCH CLANS.THE KURUMBAR HAMLETS ARE FOUND IN EDAVANI AND BOOTHAYAR HAMLETS BUT THEY HAVE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ,THEIR EDUCATIONAL AND LITERACY STATISTICS SHOWED DEFINITE PROGRESS DURING THE LAST DECADE. THE KURUMBAR WERE EARLIER KNOWN FOR THEIR SORCERY PRACTICES.THERE WERE WELL KNOWN HERBALISTS AMONG THEM.THERE WERE ALSO LEGENDARY TRIBAL LEADERS AMONG HEM SUCH AS
MUDDA MOOPAN AND
BHOJA MOOPPAN .
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| WINNOWS MADE OF BAMBOO-USED IN FARMING AND CULTIVATION |
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| STIRRING SPOONS MADE OF WOOD- USED FOR COOKING |
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| Add caption |
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| MOOKE(SPOONS)-MADE OF BAMBOO AND COCONUT SHELLS-USED BY IRULAR TRIBES OF ATTAPADI IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT |
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| CONTAINERS FOR KEEPING BETEL LEAVES |
THE IRULAR
THE IRULAR ARE INHABITANTS OF ATTAPADI VALLEY OF PALAKKAD DISTRICT. ACCORDING TO 2001 CENSUS THEIR POPULATION WERE 21830. IRULAR LIVED IN 130 MONO ETHNIC HAMLETS IN ATTAPPADI. THEY ARE NUMERICALLY DOMINANT TRIBE OF ATTAPADI. THEY PRACTICED SHIFTING CULTIVATION TILL A FEW DECADES BACK. NOW THEY ARE DRY LAND PLOUGH CULTIVATORS.THEY WERE SUBJECTED TO WORST FORM OF LAND ALIENATION DUE TO SETTLERS INFLUX.THEY REAR CATTLE POULTRY ETC FOR THEIR LIVING.THEY MOSTLY SUBSISTS ON WAGE LABOUR. THEIR LITERACY WAS 29.32 % IN 1991 CENSUS. IRULAR HAVE WELL STRUCTURED SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANISATION .
OORUMOOPPAN SOCIOPOLITCAL JEAD,
MANNUKARAN SOIL EXPERT.
KARUTHALAI MESSENGER AND
BHANDARI TREASURER ARE THE KEY SOCIAL FUNCTIONARIES.CLAN EXOGAMY IS STRICLTY PRACTICED.
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| KORIKA (POURING SPOON)-MADE OF WOOD-USED BY MULLUKURUMAN TRIBES OF ATTAPADI IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT |
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| SIEVES-MADE FROM CREEPERS-TO SIEVE RICE |
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| OBJECT USED FOR PLAYING GAMES LIKE ETTUMULA KETTU,KUTTIKURUGALI |
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| BAMBOO PLATES |
THE MUTHUVAN
THE MUTHUVANS ARE A TRIBAL COMMUNITY THAT INHABITS THE DEVIKULAM TALUK OF IDUKKI DISTICT. ACCORING TO 2001 CENSUS THEIR POPULATION WERE 21266.THEY LIVED IN HIGH RANGES OF DEVIKULAM TALUK .THEIR LITERACY IS ONE OF THE LOWEST AMONG THE SCHEDULED TRIBES OF KERALA THAT IS 41.52 %.IN EVEN RESOURCE RICH AREAS ,THE MUTHUVAN PRACTICED SHIFTING CULTIVATION.THEY CULTIVATED A WIDE VARIETY OF CROPS AND CEREALS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION.THEY HAVE BECOME EXPERTS IN CASH CROPS CULTIVATION LIKE CARDAMOM ,PEPPER, GINGER ETC.THE MUTHUVAN HAMLETS ARE CALLED
KUDI ANDTHE INDIVIDUAL HUTS WERE CALLED
MANAI .THEY LIVED IN MONO ETHNIC HAMLETS.WITH SOCIAL INSITUTION OF BACHELORS CALLED
CHAVADI .THE UNMARRIED GIRLS SLEPT ALONG WITH ONE OR TWO AGED WIDOWED WOMEN IN SEPARATE HUTS AT NIGHT.THE MUTHUVANS WERE STRICLTY ENDOGAMOUS..THEIR SOCIAL STRUCTURES ARE CHARACTERISED BY EXOGAMOUS CLAN DIVISIONS.THEIR POLITICAL HEAD WAS CALLED
MELVAKA. HE OR SHE MAY HAVE HIS OR HER KINGLY COSTUME.MANY HAVE MINSTERS AND GUARDS.MUTHUVAN SOCIETY IDENTIFIES THEIR CLAN MEMBERS IRRESPECTIVE OF TERRITORY. HOWEVER THEY MOST DISTINCT IDENTITY WAS THAT THEY LIVE ON THE WESTERN GHAT SLOPES FROM MUNNAR (
MALAYALAR MUTHUVAN) AND EASTERN SLOPES (
TAMIL MUTHUVAN)UPTO CHINNAR VALLEY.
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| DIFFERENT TYPES OF THUDI(MUSICAL INSTRUMENT)-USED BY PANIYA TRIBES OF ATTAPADI |
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| MULAM CHENDA |
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| CHILAMBA-MUSICAL INSTRUMENT OF MALAPANICKER TRIBE |
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| WOODEN COMBS |
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| PANAKALLU MALA ( NECK ORNAMENT) |
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| DIFFERENT TYPES OF EARRINGS-LIKE SNAIL SHELLS, BRASS AND CHUTHUMANI KAMMAL |
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| WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS LIKE CHEENI,PEEKI,KOZHAL |
THE MAVILAN
THE MAVILAN IS A SCHEDULED TRIBE COMMUNITY FOUND IN KANNUR AND KASARGODE DISTRICT WITH THE POPULATION OF 29.590 (2001 CENSUS).THEY HAVE ENDOGAMOUS GROUPS -
EDAMAVILAN OF HE KANNUR DISTRICT AND THE
THULLUMAVILAN OF THE KASARGODE DISTRICT.36 LINEAGES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AMONG THEM .THEIR TRADITIONAL OCCUPATION WAS SHIFTING CULTIVATION CALLED THE
KUMERI OR
PUNNAM. THEY WERE FOREST DWELLERS BUT NOW THEY LIVE IN THE MARGINAL FOREST AREAS DUE TO SETTLER INFLUX.THE SOCIO-POLITICAL FUNCTIONARY OF THE SETTLEMENT IS CALLED
CHINGAM AND THE LANDLORD OR THE HEADMEN WERE CALLED THE
KIRAGAN .THEY ALSO PERFORMED MAGICO RELIGIOUS PRACTICES FOR THE NON TRIBAL COMMUNITIES..THEY ALSO HAVE PLACES OF ANCESTRAL WORSHIP
ANAGU CALLED
PATHI.AND OFFERINGS WERE MADE DURING
KARKIDAGAVAVU ,
THUILLUMPATHU AND
KOMBAMVAVU.THEY BELIEVED THE WRATH OF DEITIES CAUSED ILLNESSES. EACH SUCH D SETTLEMENT HAD A
PATHI.THEY HAVE
THEYYAMS WITH MANY FACIAL COLORS AND WITH PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS LIKE
CHENDA ,THUDI,ELATHAALAM AND
MANI.THERE WERE ALSO GOOD CRAFTSMEN AND ARTISANS SKILLED IN MAKING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AMONG THEM.
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